Application du consentement libre, préalable et éclairé en République Démocratique du Congo

- FPP

Ce rapport examine l'application du consentement libre, préalable et éclairé (FPIC) en République Démocratique du Congo.

Etat, communautés locales et changement du statut des Forêts. Dualisme légal exclusif dans le littoral camerounais

Note stratégique

Phil René Oyono, Martin Biyong, Iris Flore Bayang, Calvin Sahmo - Cameroun Ecologie

Ce rapport fait partie d'une série d'études menées sur les modèles alternatifs de tenure et entreprise forestière.

Pratiques coutumières et rèformes de la tenure forestière en Afrique

Statut, questions et leçons

Edmund Barrow, Kamugisha-Ruhombe Jones, Isilda Nhantumbo, Rene Oyono, Moumini Savadogo - UICN

Leçons et conclusions concernant les pratiques coutumières et le processus de réforme du régime foncier des forêts en Afrique.

Fondations pour l’Efficacité

Note d’orientation politique

- Rights and Resources

Cette note d’orientation a pour objectif de fournir aux négociateurs, leurs gouvernements et les organisations intergouvernementales un cadre d’action clair afin de garantir que les réponses aux changements climatiques ne minent pas le développement économique et social au niveau national.

Communautés locales : l'enjeu foncier

Jeffrey Hatcher - Rights and Resources

Cet article de Jeffrey Hatcher a paru de dans le Courrier de la planète, no. 88. La gestion forestière est encore très centralisée au niveau des États, qui restent les propriétaires de près de 70 % des forêts du monde. Or des millions de personnes vivent dans ou dépendent de ces forêts sans aucune forme de reconnaissance juridique. Un biais de gouvernance qu’il s’agit de prendre en compte pour mieux comprendre les facteurs de la déforestation. De nombreuses études le montrent : octroyer aux populations locales des droits fonciers sur les forêts dans lesquelles elles vivent et qu’elles exploitent s’avère être un efficace outil de conservation, et par la même de réduction des émissions de carbone.

A qui appartiennent les forêts du monde?

Andy White, Alejandra Martin - Forest Trends, Centre pour le Droit International de l’Environnement

Le présent rapport est une première tentative visant à réunir toutes les pièces de ce puzzle global à l’aide des informations disponibles. Il présente un ensemble de données officielles sur la tenure récemment recueillies dans 24 des 30 premiers pays forestiers du monde et résume les résultats obtenus à partir desdites données.13 Ces 24 pays représentent environ 93% des forêts naturelles restantes au monde, soit environ 3,9 milliards d’hectares. Ces données sont présentées sous la forme narrative qui permet d’établir une différence claire entre les terrains communautaires, légalement considérés comme des propriétés privées et ceux qui relèvent ouvertement de la propriété publique. C’est là une différence essentielle, dans la mesure où les droits de propriété privée sont souvent plus forts que les droits aux forêts publiques. Etant donné la prédominance de la propriété publique sur les forêts, le présent rapport décrit le statut des concessions forestières dans les forêts publiques – en tant que premier mode d’exploitation des terrains boisés par les Etats.

Qui Conserve les forêts du monde?

Stratégies communautaires de protection des forêts et de respect des droits

Arvind Khare, Sara J. Scherr, Augusta Molnar - Forest Trends, Ecoagriculture Partners

Une grande partie des forêts du monde est gérée et, à des degrés divers, conservée par les communautés forestières. Cela représente à la fois une occasion unique et des défis uniques pour les gouvernements, les organisations internationales, le secteur privé et la société civile qui se battent tous pour la conservation des forêts. Avec l’accroissement de la population mondiale et forestière, il est opportun – et même urgent – d’appuyer ces communautés pour qu’elles atteignent leurs objectifs de développement et de conservation.

À qui appartiennent les forêts d’Afrique ?

Une introduction à la transition de tenure forestière en Afrique, 2002-2008

- Rights and Resources

C'est une introduction bref à la transition de tenure forestière en Afrique de 2002-2008.

Les droits fonciers et les peuples des forêts d'Afrique

Perspectives historiques, juridiques et anthropologiques

Valérie Couillard, Jérémie Gilbert, Justin Kenrick, Christopher Kidd - Programme pour les Populations Forestières, Middlesex University, University of Glasgow

Une série de cinq études de pays, et un aperçu général, portant sur les droits fonciers des peuples autochtones dans les pays forestiers d'Afrique.

Recursos

Les droits fonciers et les peuples des forêts d'Afrique: Burundi
Evolution historique du droit foncier et son incidence sur la propriété foncière des Batwa au Burundi
Jean-Pierre Amani

Les droits fonciers et les peuples des forêts d'Afrique: Cameroun
L'incidence des lois foncières historiques et modernes sur les droits fonciers des communautés locales et autochtones du Cameroun
Samuel Nguiffo, Pierre Étienne Kenfack, Nadine Mballa

Les droits fonciers et les peuples des forêts d'Afrique: RDC
Dépossession des droits fonciers des autochtones en RDC : perspectives historiques et d'avenir
Prosper Nobirabo Musafiri

Les droits fonciers et les peuples des forêts d'Afrique: Rwanda
Les lois foncières historiques et contemporaines et leur incidence sur les droits fonciers des peuples autochtones au Rwanda
Chris Huggins

Les droits fonciers et les peuples des forêts d'Afrique: Ouganda
Les lois foncières du passé et d'aujourd'hui et leur impact sur les droits fonciers des peuples autochtones en Ouganda : Le cas des Batwa
Rose Nakayi

« REDD » : Alerte rouge ? : Forêts, atténuation des changements climatiques et droits des peuples autochtones

Version mise à jour

Tom Griffiths, Francesco Martone - Forest Peoples Programme

La présente étude fait ressortir que, bien que plusieurs gouvernements reconnaissent de plus en plus que les peuples autochtones et les communautés locales doivent être consultés et leurs droits pris en compte, les propositions intergouvernementales actuelles relatives aux décisions concernant la REDD ne contiennent aucun engagement clair à s’occuper des questions de droits et d’équité. On y signale également que, bien que les nouveaux fonds internationaux relatifs aux forêts et au climat, comme le Programme UN–REDD, se soient engagés à respecter la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones et à appliquer une approche fondée sur les droits, ils semblent réticents à subordonner le financement de la REDD à la reconnaissance des droits et ne disposent pas de mécanismes efficaces de surveillance et de responsabilisation. Un examen du Fonds de partenariat pour le carbone forestier de la Banque mondiale révèle que ses propres règles exigeant la consultation préalable des peuples des forêts n’ont pas été appliquées au début de ses activités puisque les gouvernements qui développent des plans de REDD n’ont à ce jour pas assuré la juste participation des peuples des forêts.

Gestion communautaire des ressources Forestières en Colombie Britannique, Canada

Le Cas des premières nations

Belmond Tchoumba, Cécile Ndjebet - Centre pour le Development et l’Environnement, Cameroun Ecologie

Une introduction aux reformes entreprises par le gouvernement de la Colombie Britannique pour reconnaître les droits des peuples autochtones et pour mieux faciliter la foresterie communautaire.

Recursos

Community-based Management of Forest Resources in British Columbia, Canada
The Case of the First Nations
Belmond Tchoumba, Cécile Ndjebet - Centre for Development and the Environment, Cameroon Ecology

Amélioration de l'équité et des moyens de subsistance dans la foresterie communautaire au Burkina Faso

Bocar Kante - CIFOR

Une étude dont l'objectif est de rechercher la capacité d'organisation des communautés en rapport avec les opportunités juridiques qui leur sont offertes afin d'améliorer leur bien être et l'utilisation durable de la forêt.

Guatemala: Etudes des Cas sur les Modèles Alternatives de Propriété Foncière et Enterprises Forestières

Patrice André Pa’ah, Marike Michel - Cooperative Agrofestiere de la Trinationale (CAFT) - Cameroun, Alliance Globale de Foresterie Communautaire (AGFC) - Guatemala

En se basant sur les expériences de foresterie communautaire dans le département d’Alta Verapaz au Guatemala et le département du Haut-Nyong au Cameroun, on établit une différence d’angle et de perception par rapport à l’appui institutionnel sur la foresterie communautaire entre les deux pays. Suite à l’instauration des réformes de tenure forestière, les peuples forestiers guatémaltèques ont connu une forte croissance de l’appui financier et technique de la part des institutions gouvernementales. Cette augmentation de soutien institutionnel a suscité une croissance d’entreprises communautaires et a affermi leurs initiatives de reboisement et d’approvisionnement de bois sur le marché local et international.

Recursos

Guatemala: Case Studies on Alternative Models of Land Ownership and Forestry Enterprises

Patrice André Pa’ah, Marike Michel - Global Alliance of Community Forestry - Guatemala, Trinational Agroforestry Cooperative - Cameroon

Forêts Domaniales et Jeux de Droits dans le Cameroun Méridional

Le Réveil d’Un Vieux Débat Sans Issue ou La Croisée des Chemins?

CED - Phil René Oyono, Martin Biyong, Serge Kombo

La question des droits aux terres, aux forêts et aux ressources est emblématique des résultats et des effets de toute l’ingénierie administrative et légale de la colonisation au Cameroun, comme partout ailleurs en Afrique. Ces résultats se résument - selon les experts qui s’intéressent à cette question - à la défaite des systèmes locaux d’affirmation des droits de propriété des communautés locales et à la victoire des systèmes introduits par la colonisation, les systèmes écrits et modernes, symbolisés par la primauté de la notion de domaine public. Le présent document synthétique est un extrait du Rapport intitulé ‘Questions de Tenure et Jeux des Droits dans le Cameroun Méridional.’. Il s’agit du produit final d’un Diagnostic Rapide conduit sur les communautés locales et la question du statut des Réserves Forestières de Bambuko (Région du Sud-Ouest), Mbalmayo (Région du Centre), Ottotomo (Région du Centre) et Deng-Deng (Région de l’Est).

Le consentement libre, informé et préalable et la gestion forestière durable dans le Bassin du Congo

Une etude de faisabilité sur la mise en œuvre des Principes 2 et 3 du FSC dans le Bassin du Congo menée en République Démocratique du Congo, en République du Congo et au Gabon

Jérôme Lewis, Luke Freeman, Sophie Borreill

Ce document présent les résultats d’une étude de faisabilité conduite dans le Bassin du Congo pour tester la mise en œuvre du CLIP sur le terrain. Cette étude a été me-née en collaboration avec cinq entreprises forestières et les populations locales vivant dans et autour de sept concessions forestières, et ce, durant plusieurs visites de ter-rain au cours de l’année 2007 et 2008. La recherche a été conduite par la société Anthroscape en les personnes de Jérôme Lewis, Luke Freeman et Sophie Borreill, dont le travail précis et professionnel a pu être enrichi par leurs nombreuses années d’étu-de anthropologique dans le Bassin du Congo.

Droits a la propriété, a l’accès et a la gestion des ressources naturelles dans le contexte de la décentralisation

Cas du Burkina Faso

- CIFOR

Cette étude a pour objet d’identifier les droits d’accès des communautés forestières sur les ressources naturelles au Burkina et les éventuels conflits entre droit coutumier ou droit étatique ainsi que de trouver les conditions d’amélioration des moyens de subsistance et l’équité par cet accès.

Arborvitae 36: Les approches à la conservation forestière basées sur les droits

Arborvitae 36: Les approches à la conservation forestière basées sur les droits

IUCN - IUCN

Le débat qui a fait jour récemment concernant les approches à la conservation basées sur les droits se produit à un moment où la pensée environnementale est profondément remise en question. Le mouvement pour la conservation de la nature se doit de reconnaître les droits de ceux qui sont le plus directement touchés par les initiatives mondiales de protection environnementale; dans ce contexte, la pensée basée sur les droits devient non seulement une question d’éthique et de justice sociale, mais aussi un impératif pratique pour sauver les espèces et les écosystèmes.

The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

Facilitating the weakening of indigenous peoples' rights to lands and resources

- Forest Peoples Programme

There are key shortcomings in the draft Charter and background documents for the World Bank's Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, including failure to provide for full participation from indigenous peoples, lack of consultation to-date, and failure to include commitments to upholding human rights.

Recursos

El Fondo cooperativo para el carbono de los bosques (FCPF)
Una herramienta que menoscaba los derechos de los pueblos indigenas a sus tierras y recursos
- Forest Peoples Programme

Le Fonds de partenariat pour le carbone forestier
Vers un affaiblissement des droits des peuples autochtones sur les terres et les ressources
- Forest Peoples Programme

Environmental Governance and the Emergence of Forest-Based Social Movements

Peter Cronkleton, Peter Leigh Taylor, Deborah Barry, Samantha Stone-Jovicich, Marianne Schmink - CIFOR

This occasional paper is based on the results of a three-year project examining the emergence of forest-based grassroots movements in Latin America. The project focused on four noteworthy cases in Central America and Brazil, each representing ‘successful’ broad-based collective action to defend local control and use of forest lands.

The cases suggest that local communities can become effective forest stewards when acquired rights are duly recognized, avenues exist for meaningful participation, costs and benefits are distributed fairly, and appropriate external support is provided.

Forest Governance in Countries with Federal Systems of Government

Lessons and implications for decentralization

Arnoldo Contreras-Hermosilla, Hans M. Gregersen, Andy White - CIFOR, Forest Trends, Rights and Resources

This study examines the experience of federal countries in managing their decentralized systems of forest governance.

More than three quarters of developing countries and nations in transition are in the midst of experimenting with decentralization of their governments. Decentralized governance in general in the forestry sector in particular is thought to lead to better forest management outcomes. In federal governments, decentralization tends to be more pronounced.

Recursos

Forest Governance in Countries with Federal Systems of Government - Brief

Arnoldo Contreras-Hermosilla, Hans M. Gregersen, Andy White - CIFOR, Forest Trends, Rights and Resources

The Boomerang - When Will the Global Forest Sector Reallocate from the South to the North?

Sten Nilsson - IIASA

This paper examines the commonly held notion that the forest sector in the south will dominate in the future by addressing issues such as climate change, increasing demands for food as global development accelerates, and the pursuit of alternative fuel sources.

Power, Progress and Impoverishment: Plantations, Hydropower, Ecological Change and Community Transformation in Hinboun District, Lao PDR

A Field Report

Keith Barney

This report documents the contemporary ecological, social and economic transformations occurring in one village in Lao PDR’s central Khammouane province under multiple sources of development-induced displacement. Rural development policy in Laos is focused on promoting rapid rural modernisation, to be achieved through foreign direct investments in two key resource sectors: hydropower and plantations. Laos’ land reform program is also a key component of the changes underway in the countryside, as swidden (or shifting) upland cultivation is targeted for stabilisation and elimination.

Overview of Industrial Forest Concessions and Concession-based Industry in Central and West Africa, and Considerations of Alternatives

Alain Karsenty - CIRAD

Concessions in Africa have a long history and mixed records. From the 1980-90’s onwards, concessions were gradually requested to bear new responsibilities, previously carried out by governments, such as the management of production forests and the oversight of some parts of the territories where forest concessions are prominent. The concessions sector is still dominated by the Europeans, but with an increasing prominence of Asian companies, which are already dominant in Equatorial Guinea, CAR and South-Congo. There is, however, a room and a need for diversification of forest tenure models, which might be seen as complementary rather, at least for the foreseeable future, than alternatives competing with the current system.

Small and Medium Forest Enterprises: Instruments of Change in the Developing World

Robert Kozak - University of British Columbia

Small and medium forest enterprises (SMFEs) are seen important elements of strategies aimed at pro-poor economic growth in developing regions. They are characterized by a diverse range of stakeholders, actors, businesses, structures, networks, products, and services. Unfortunately, little has been done in the way of quantifying the contributions of these enterprises to economic growth and employment. This report recommends that concerted research efforts be undertaken to better understand the size, scope, characteristics, and dynamics of this sector and that this information be used to inform civil society, development agencies, and governments on devising and implementing appropriate interventions and policy reforms aimed at reducing poverty in the forest dependent communities of the developing world.

So Who Owns the Forest

An investigation into forest ownership and customary land rights in Liberia

Liz Alden Wily - SDI Liberia, FERN

This landmark study sets out the confusions and conundrums of forest tenure in Liberia today and develops clear recommendations towards solving potential conflicts over natural resources.

The study shows that Liberia can set a precedent by returning ownership of land to communities. This would lead to improved forest governance, control of illegal logging and remedial action against historical injustices.

Community-Based Forest Enterprises in Tropical Forest Countries: Status and Potential

Augusta Molnar, Megan Liddle, Carina Bracer, Arvind Khare, Andy White, Justin Bull - ITTO, Rights and Resources, Forest Trends

Like all forest enterprises, community forestry enterprises (CFEs) have a mixed record, with numerous cases of successes as well as failures. As the experience in developed countries attest, SMEs can emerge and flourish where the tenure and policy frameworks allow them to exist legally and compete fairly with large-scale enterprises. Unfortunately, only a few tropical countries have had favourable conditions in place for a sufficiently long time to enable their development or viability. This study identifies some shared trends for the emergence and development of CFEs in a range of different tropical countries that indicate a high level of promise overall.

Recursos

2007 CFE Conference - Case Study Agrofort

Charlotte Benneker - Wageningen University

2007 CFE Conference - Amani Butterfly Forest-based Enterprise

Cecilia Scurrah-Ehrhart, Tom Blomely

2007 CFE Conference - Civil Society for Arbol Verde Development

Dietmar Stoian, Aldo Rodas - CATIE - CeCoEco

2007 CFE Conference: Including the Excluded
A Pro-Poor Bel Fruit Juice Making Enterprise in Nepal
Dinesh Paudel - RECOFTC

2007 CFE Conference - Case Study of the Agro-forestry Cooperative of the Tri-National

Patrice Pa'ah - CAFT

2007 CFE Conference - Community Forest Development in Guatemala
A Case Study of Cooperativa Carmelita
Dietmar Stoian, Aldo Rodas - CATIE - CeCoEco

2007 CFE Conference: Supporting Livelihoods through Employment
The Chaubas-Bhumlu Community Sawmill, Nepal
Netra Prasad Timsina - Forest Action - Nepal

2007 CFE Conference - A Brief History of the COATLAHL Cooperative
At Last A Little Optimism
Filippo Del Gatto, Danilo Davila, Jens Kanstrub, Sergio Herrera, Andre Mildam, Noe Polanco

2007 CFE Conference: One Small Peasant Village’s Grand Forest Industry
A Case Study of the El Balcon Ejido in Western Mexico
Claudio Garibay Orozco - Consejo Civil Mexicano para la Silvicultura Sostenible A.C.

2007 CFE Conference - Community Forest Enterprises: A Case Study of the Gambia

Wolfgang Thoma, Kanimang Camara - UN Food and Agriculture Organization

2007 CFE Conference: Forest Management in the Community Enterprise of Santa Catarina Ixtepeji

Salvador Anta Fonseca - CONAFOR - Mexico

2007 CFE Conference - Community Forestry Benefits Customary Landowners
Madang Province, Papua New Guinea
Yati Bun, Bazakie Baput - FPCD

2007 CFE Conference: Payments for environmental services in San Nicolas, Colombia
A Participatory and Holistic Approach in Forestry
Carmenza Robledo, Patricia Tobon - EMPA, CORNARE

2007 CFE Conference: Country Case Study, Quintana Roo, Mexico
Sociedad de Productores Forestales Ejidales de Quintana Roo
Peter Wilshusen - Bucknell University

2007 CFE Conference: PingShang Bamboo Group
A Case Study of a Community Enterprise in China's Bamboo Sub-sector
R. Anders West, Christopher Aldridge - China Agricultural University, Beijing P.R. China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou P.R. China

2007 CFE Conference - Behind the Fragile Enterprise
Community-based Timber Utilization in the Southern Philippines
Juan Pulhin, Anthony Ramirez

2007 CFE Conference - Community Based Forest Enterprises in Cameroon
A case study of the Ngola-Achip Community Forest in East Cameroon
Kenneth Angu Angu - IUCN - Regional Office for Central Africa

2007 CFE Conference: From subsistence harvesters to market players
The evolution of brazil nut production in Manicore, Amazonas State, Brazil
Alejandra Martin - IBENS

2007 CFE Conference - Case Study of Mamiraua, Brazil

Andrea Pires - Mamiraua Institute for Sustainable Development (MISD)

2007 CFE Conference: The New Oil Economy of the Rural Poor
Biofuel Planations for Power, Water, Transport and Carbon Credits
Emmanual D'Silva

Transitions in Forest Tenure and Governance: Drivers, Projected Patterns and Implications

- Rights and Resources

Major shifts in the global economy, as well as in social, political and ecological systems are affecting forests and forest livelihoods such that future challenges in the forest sector will be quite distinct from those faced in the past. The forest sector is now more embedded in the global economy than ever before, and the influence of other sectors on forests, forest peoples and forest industry will similarly be much greater in the future than in the past. This paper briefly presents our perspectives on: (1) major drivers shaping forest tenure and governance, (2) projected patterns by 2020 and (3) the implications of these transitions for those concerned with forest livelihoods and conservation today.

Convergence of the Fuel, Food and Fiber Markets - Summary

A Forest Sector Perspective

Don G. Roberts - CIBC World Markets, Rights and Resources

The biofuels sector will continue to experience significant growth over the coming decades, and over time its development will lead to a convergence of the markets for fuel, food and fiber (e.g. wood). This is a summary of the full paper prepared for the conference "Towards a New Global Forest Agenda", held in Stockholm in October 2007.

Climate Change and Governance in the Forest Sector - Summary

Carmenza Robledo, Juergen Blaser, Kaspar Schimdt, Tamara Levine - Intercooperation, Rights and Resources

A background paper for the conference "Towards a New Global Forest Agenda" held in Stockholm, Sweden in October 2007.

The Impact of Regulatory Takings by the Chinese State on Rural Land Tenure and Property Rights

Li Ping - Rural Development Institute

This paper will introduce and discuss regulatory takings laws in the US and some European countries. It makes a series of recommendations on legislative reforms in China’s regulatory takings regime taking into account the unique characteristics of China’s property rights institution.

Forest Related Conflict: Impacts, Links and Measures to Mitigate - Summary

Ruben de Koning, Doris Capistrano, Yurdi Yasmi - CIFOR, Rights and Resources

A background paper for the conference "Towards a New Global Forest Agenda", held in Stockholm, Sweden in October 2007.

Rights, Tenure, Governance and a More Pro-poor Vision for Conservation - Summary

Gill Shepherd, Bob Fisher, Stewart Maginnis, Jeffrey Sayer - IUCN, Rights and Resources

A background paper for the conference "Towards a New Global Forest Agenda", held in Stockholm, Sweden in October 2007.

Poverty, Rights and Tenure on Forest Lands

Priority Actions for Achieving Solutions

William D. Sunderlin - Rights and Resources

A background paper for the conference "Towards a New Global Forest Agenda", held in Stockholm in October 2007.

Beyond Tenure: Rights-based Approaches to Peoples and Forests - Summary

Marcus Colchester - Forest Peoples Programme, Rights and Resources

A background paper for the conference "Towards a New Global Forest Agenda", held in Stockholm, Sweden in October 2007.

The Dispute Resolution Process in Relation to Logging Permits in China

Li Ping - Rural Development Institute

This paper examines the dispute resolution experiences in the US, UK and Ireland with respect to denial of applications for logging permits, and its possible application to China.

Community-Based Forest Enterprises in Tropical Forest Countries - Full Report with Annexes

Augusta Molnar, Megan Liddle, Carina Bracer, Arvind Khare, Andy White, Justin Bull - ITTO, Rights and Resources, Forest Trends

Like all forest enterprises, community forestry enterprises (CFEs) have a mixed record, with numerous cases of successes as well as failures. As the experience in developed countries attest, SMEs can emerge and flourish where the tenure and policy frameworks allow them to exist legally and compete fairly with large-scale enterprises. Unfortunately, only a few tropical countries have had favorable conditions in place for a sufficiently long time to enable their development or viability. This study identifies some shared trends for the emergence and development of CFEs in a range of different tropical countries that indicate a high level of promise overall.

This full version of the report includes annexes with the case study methodology, a field survey of community forestry operations in Mexico, a survey of cases of community participation in Markets for Ecosystem Services, and summaries of the twenty case studies surveyed in the main report.

Recursos

Empresas Forestales Comunitarias en Países Forestales Tropicales: Situación Actual y en Potencia

Augusta Molnar, Megan Liddle, Carina Bracer, Arvind Khare, Andy White, Justin Bull - ITTO, Rights and Resources, Forest Trends

Entreprises forestières communautaires dans les pays forestiers tropicaux: Situation et potentialites

Augusta Molnar, Megan Liddle, Carina Bracer, Arvind Khare, Andy White, Justin Bull - ITTO, RRI, Forest Trends

Land, Forest and People: Facing the Challenges in South-East Asia

Listening, Learning and Sharing Asia Final Report

Marcus Colchester, Chip Fay - FPP, ICRAF

Over the past 20 years, the region reviewed in this report - South East Asia stretching from Laos across to Indonesia - has experienced major changes in forest cover, social development and forest policy. Natural forests have shrunk dramatically and continue to be degraded and cleared at startling rates. Forest areas set aside for protection have increased. At the same time large areas of land and forest have been ‘converted’ to timber plantations and estate crops. During the same period, both for better and for worse, the forest peoples who inhabit these areas have also been through tumultuous changes.

A Legal Review and Analysis of China’s Forest Tenure System with an Emphasis on Collective Forestland

Li Ping, Zhu Keliang - Rural Development Institute, Rights and Resources

Based on extensive desk research and fieldwork in three provinces, this paper reviews and analyzes the development of the Chinese regulatory frameworks that govern forest tenure. Special attention is paid to farmers’ rights to collective forestland and forest products, and a particular focus is given to the current legal regime on farmers’ tenure rights to forestland.

Organization and Governance for Fostering Pro-Poor Compensation for Environmental Services

Carina Bracer, Sara Scherr, Augusta Molnar, Madhushree Sekher, Benson Owuor Ochieng, Gaya Sriskanthan - Forest Trends, Ecoagriculture Partners, Rights and Resources, Centre for Ecological Economics & Natural Resources, African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), World Conservation Union

To increase potential for pro-poor outcomes of CRES, the opportunity for local conditions to define the supporting institutional structures and norms that surround CRES is critical. There are a wide range of institutional models of CRES that can benefit the poor, and these tend to include features such as: building upon and strengthening existing institutions of the poor, allowing flexibility in land use options and in the timeframe for adoption and adaptation of land use, simplification of monitoring and reporting to fit local capacity, and orientation and training of intermediary organizations who serve as brokers to the poor and help them to aggregate supply of CRES services.

Local forest-based enterprises

Supporting the livelihoods of the poor?

- Info Resources

The development of local forest-based enterprises represents an opportunity for strengthening the livelihoods of poor, forest-dependent people, at the same time providing an economic incentive to conserve forests through sustainable management. Is this potential being put into practice?

Where in the world is there pro-poor forest policy and tenure reform?

Mary Hobley

Many countries are now recognizing community ownership and devolving forest responsibilities to local jurisdictions. This transition in ownership is both a response to rights-based movements to increase local ownership and access to forest resources and a strategic policy shift responding to the widespread failure of governments to avoid deforestation, control illegal activities or generate the desired equity of benefits under systems of state forest ownership and control. This transition varies from one country to another based on the biophysical, economic, social or historical reality. Yet there is much that one country and citizenry can learn from the experience of others regarding policy choices and the pace or strategy of reform.

Concessions to Poverty: The environmental, social and economic impacts of industrial logging concessions in Africa’s rainforests.

- The Rainforests Foundation, Forests Monitor

This report addresses the issues surrounding sustainability and the impacts of the industrial logging concession system in several Central African countries and elsewhere. Based on the contributions of experts from various backgrounds (NGOs, research bodies, government organizations), the report aims to bring these issues to the attention of national decision-makers and international community representatives, highlighting the system’s pitfalls as well as the policy options available that could avert or remedy some of these problems.

Towards Wellbeing in Forest Communities

a source book for local government

- Center for International Forestry Research

Governments in many countries are decentralizing to give more control over decision-making and budgets to local administrators. Decentralization is especially significant to forest communities, which have historically benefited little from government services and poverty reduction programs. This source book was written for local governments and their partners who hope to respond to the needs of forest communities and improve their wellbeing.

Poverty and Forests

Multi-country analysis of spatial association and proposed policy solutions

William D. Sunderlin, Sonya Dewi, Atie Puntodewo - CIFOR, World Agroforestry Center, Rights and Resources Initiative

This paper examines poverty and deforestation in developing countries as linked problems and focuses on policies that can favour poverty alleviation in forested regions. The paper encompasses two elements: analysis of the spatial coincidence between poverty and forests, and proposed policy options for reducing poverty in forested areas.

Recursos

Infobrief: Poverty and Forests

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

Land

Better access and secure rights for poor people

- DFID

This paper demonstrates the importance of land tenure in livelihoods and development, and outlines the British Department for International Development's approach to land issues. The document details that if land and property are clear and secure, they can help to boost economic growth, tackle inequality and reduce poverty.

Land and Resource Alienation in Cambodia

Shalmali Guttal - Focus on the Global South

Ask any Cambodian what s/he considers to be the foundation of society and life in Cambodia and the answer is likely to be “land.” As in most other places, land is an extremely important economic resource or asset in Cambodia. Land is livelihood. But equally, land is valued as an emblem of rootedness, belonging and stability, and is widely regarded as the very basis of social organisation in the country. Today, at least a third of Cambodia's peoples - rural and urban - are being systematically alienated from their lands, homes and livelihoods. In many instances communities are losing lands and access to natural resources because of economic and demographic pressures. But equally, people are being dispossessed from their lands by those with political power and money. This paper attempts to provide an overview of the growing crisis of land and resource alienation in Cambodia.

Non Timber Forest Products

between poverty alleviation and market forces

Jean-Laurent Pfund, Patrick Robinson - Intercooperation

Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) are increasingly recognized for their important roles in forest management around the world. While generally associated with protection, biodiversity and recreation in the North, NTFPs play significant roles for local communities in the South and East, including home consumption and production for local or regional markets. These articles draw on experiences from around the world to examine the relationship of NTFPs to development, poverty alleviation and conservation.

Poverty and Conservation Landscapes, People and Power

R.J. Fisher, Stewart Maginnis, W.J. Jackson, Edmund Barrow, Sally Jeanrenaud - IUCN

Integrated approaches to conservation and development cannot promise perfect win-win solutions. Pure conservation-focused interventions seldom deliver perfect conservation outcomes either. It is time to look for the best possible outcomes, bearing in mind principles of equity. This implies genuine shared decision-making and participation by local communities in land-use decisions. Participatory decision-making involves the willingness of outsiders to negotiate land-use objectives and ways to meet those objectives.

Forests in Landscapes: Ecosystem Approaches to Sustainability

Jeffrey Sayer, Stewart Maginnis - IUCN, Earthscan

Edited by Jeffrey Sayer and Stewart Maginnis. Throughout the world there has been a re-examination of who makes decisions about forests and how these decisions are made. Attempts have been made to establish a global regulatory framework for forests through existing and proposed intergovernmental agreements, principles and broadly-accepted criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management. In parallel there has been a strong tendency towards more participatory, localized decision-making.

Recent Experience in Collaborative Forest Management

CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 43

Jane Carter, Jane Gronow

Collaborative forest management (CFM) is loosely defined as a working partnership between the key stakeholders in the management of a given forest—key stakeholders being local forest users and state forest departments, as well as parties such as local governments, civic groups and nongovernmental organisations, and the private sector. The paper reviews worldwide experience in CFM to date, considering the forms that it takes in different tenure situations. Overall, mechanisms of CFM are diversifying, reflecting a greater recognition of the need for partnerships in forest management.

Natural Wealth

A Study for Linking Poverty Reduction with Forest Conservation in Lao PDR

Jason Morris, Emily Hicks, Andrew Ingles, Sounthone Ketphanh

Recent studies have shown that rural villagers derive nearly half their income from the sale of NTFPs, including rattan, bamboo and yangtree oil. NTFPs also play a vital role in food security, particularly at the end of the dry season and during times of harvest failure. Forest tubers, bamboo shoots, mushrooms, a range of forest plants, fish, turtles and snails are all collected for food. In many parts of the lowland plains, fish and other living aquatic resources provide between 70 and 90 per cent of the animal protein in the diet of local people.

A Place in the World

A Review of the Global Debate on Tenure Security

Lynn Ellsworth - Ford Foundation

This paper illustrates that there is no single form of tenure, no particular pattern of property rights, that is uniquely associated with the most effective management of forest lands. In fact, underlying property ownership regimes have been changing continuously in most countries over long periods of time. Of particular importance is her assertion that the increasingly influential neoliberal property rights school of analysis “over-emphasizes” the virtues of property rights defined in terms of market trading. Effective markets for land are often nonexistent or flawed.

Who Conserves the World's Forests?

Augusta Molnar, Sara J. Scherr, Arvind Khare - Forest Trends

The dramatic and continued shift in forest and landscape boundaries and in tenure and customary rights, combined with emerging new markets for forest products and ecosystem services, creates new challenges as well as new opportunities for people and for forest conservation. Enabling communities to conserve implies new management approaches, new research models, new models of organization and capacity-building and new relations between local people and the state. But creating an enabling environment also has a large payoff, both in conservation and in community well-being.

Who Owns the World's Forests?

Andy White, Alejandra Martin - Forest Trends

This growing global recognition of the importance of property rights is mirrored by longstanding preoccupation with rights issues at local levels. The questions of who owns the forests, who claims them, who has access to them and further, who should own them, are hotly contested in many forest regions of the world. These are often the primary concerns of local people most directly dependent on forest resources.